Colon: Pseudomembranous Colitis Due To Clostridium Difficile (pseudomembranous Inflammation) Note The

Antibiotics: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

Protein Synthesis

Formation of Initiation Complex (tRNA in P site)

aa incoorporation (tRNA in A site, aminoacyl-tRNA)

Formation of Peptide Bond (peptidyltransferase)

Translocation

MNEMONIC: “ALi  eSTá  Cuasi  MAL”

* Inhibit 1: “ALi”

A minoglycosides

Li nezolid

* Inhibit 2: “eSTá”

S treptogramins

T etracyclins

* Inhibit 3: “Cuasi”

C loramphenicol

* Inhibit 4:  "MAL"

M acrolides

A minoglycosides

L incosamides

Difference between Blood Agar and Chocolate Agar

Hi everyone!

I’ll tell you in short about Nutrient agar first

It is a simple basal medium used for growth of common pathogens

It constitutes peptone water, meat extract and agar

Difference between Blood Agar and Chocolate Agar

What is common between Blood agar and Chocolate agar?

Both are enriched media

Used for the growth of Gram positive cocci and fastidious organisms like Neisseria & Haemophilus species

Can be used to indicate hemolysis

What are fastidious organisms?

They require specialized environments due to complex nutritional requirement

What is the difference between Blood agar and Chocolate agar?

The difference lies in how the media are made

How is Blood agar made?

Nutrient agar is sterilized by autoclave, cooled to 50°C and sterile sheep blood (5-10%) is added gradually and poured into plates

How is Chocolate agar made?

Nutrient agar is sterilized by autoclave, cooled to 75-80°C and sterile sheep blood (5-10%) is added gradually and poured into plates

How is the difference in temperature significant?

Certain organisms such as Haemophilus species require V factor for growth (complex nutritional requirement)

Factor V is present in blood but it is present inside the red blood cells (RBC)

These organisms can not utilize V factor which is trapped inside the RBC’s in Blood agar

When Blood agar is heated to 80-90°C for a few minutes (boiled blood agar), the V factor is released from within the erythrocytes and made available to the organism for utilization

Some strains of Neisseriae and Diphtheroids require V factor too

That’s why these media are superior to plain Blood agar for growing organisms requiring V factor

What is V fatcor?

V fatcor is a coenzyme, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) or Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP) which acts as a hydrogen acceptor in the metabolism of cell

So to conclude, Chocolate agar is a type of blood agar in which the blood cells have been lysed by heating for growing fastidious organisms :)

Did you know?

Modified Thayer Martin is a type of chocolate agar which contains antibiotics (Vancomycin, Nystatin & Colistin) to suppress growth of other bacteria and promote growth of  N gonorrhoeae

*phew* That’s all for today!

The image is my first photoshop work on the site, hope you like it =D

Just to remind you guys, Chocolate agar contains no chocolate, they simply named it after the yummy color :P

-IkaN

[x]

Motivation can be experienced differently for each of us. While some people just get this kind of impulsive motivation, others develop their motivation through actions.

@masterposts @studymasterposts

I would like to show you why it is wrong to wait for your motivation and why you should just do something instead - it doesn’t matter how big your action is.

How to gain motivation

OK, so just like I told you above there exists a concept of just doing some random shit. That means that you start small even though you know that you should do more.

You need to write an essay in two days but you’re spending all the time watching a cat jumping from a window? (if you followed the link - yeah, it’s funny but please continue reading my bullshit lol)

The solution to your stressful task is to start doing something even if it doesn’t seem big or challenging. (In our example with the essay this would mean, starting the writing program/ writing “Outline for my essay” on a paper/ starting a draft as small as possible etc.)

You need to clean your room? Search the smallest task and do this one: put your old pizza that’s laying on the floor in the trash can and your underwear where it belongs - you don’t want your dog to eat it, right?

You want to get fit and start working out? Maybe you had an impulse of motivation one week ago, but now you’re laying on the couch like the cutest panda ever, eating sweets and asking yourself where your motivation went.

You already have an idea what you need to do now, right? Just do one push-up/ lunge/ crunch whatever.

It doesn’t matter how small your action is, but if you experience the feeling of this small success you’ll keep going.

How to stay motivated (Part 1)

Now that you’re finally motivated (doesn’t matter how), you really need to stick on that workflow or whatever you’re trying to achieve. One of the simplest things to maintain your motivation is to think of why you started. Here are some examples:

I know that I’m able to get this shit done.

I want to prove that I can do more than I thought.

I want to show everybody that I’m taking my responsibilities seriously.

I need to pass that exam.

Failing is worse than studying.

etc. (the reason needs to come from your heart - if it isn’t true, it won’t work)

Another way (which is pretty simple and works pretty good for most of the people) is the chain system: 

Draw 31 boxes (for one month) and tick one each day after completing your task. This method is pretty common because it is pretty simple and works for no matter how much time you want to do your habit. (The lovely @emmastudies has created a lot of wonderful printables, maybe you find more details there for study tracking.) After keeping up with the growing chain, you’ll be thinking twice before interrupting the chain and stopping your chain.

Part 2 will be posted on Friday, 06.01.

Without immunity, we’RE JUST BAGS OF NUTRIENTS!

Microbiology lecturer (via scienceprofessorquotes)

Nocardia

Gram+, aerobic, non-spore forming, non- motile, branching filamentous rod.

Partially acid fast

Immunocompromised pts, cancer pts.

DISEASES

Cavitary broncopulmonary Nocardiosis: > N. asteroides, fever, cough, dyspnea, localized or diffuse pneumonia (symptoms very similar to TBC) If spreads hematogenously => multiple brain abscesses.

Cutaneous, subcutaneous Nocardiosis: > N. brasiliensis,cellulitis => subcutaneous draining abscess with granules (mycetoma)

Hope it helps @shreeparn  :)

Endospore

Gram Negative Aerobic Rods Mnemonic

MICROBIOLOGY MNEMONIC 

BRUno, FRANCISco & COnstantine are BORing PSEUDO LEGIONnaires

Brucella sp 

Francisella tularensis 

Coxiella burnetti

Bortedella pertusis

Pseudomona aeuroginosa

Legionella pneumophila